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Cormack, Margaret. Peregrinations: Journal of Medieval Art and Architecture, 3 nr. This has led to a paucity of literary analysis, and most scholarship instead focuses on prospecting the saga for historical details concerning medieval Scandinavian relations with Russia. The dragons Jakulus and the dweller of the royal burial demonstrate this shift most clearly. Discussing the stark difference in descriptions, settings, and behavior, authorial intent becomes more clear.
Additionally, as L. Of particular importance in understanding this demarcation of the world are the boundaries he establishes through the use of towns, waterfalls, and the abodes of monsters, most importantly the two dragons. This functions to centralize Iceland within Christendom and Scandinavia while creating a very distinct endi heims elsewhere, moving Iceland away from its perception as Ultima Thule. These names have also been used as evidence that berserkir in sagas had a particular status that was indicated by their names.
The extent to which the names ascribed to berserkir were in common usage within the broader scope of Nordic society in the Viking Age and medieval period has been little analysed previously and not at all in connection with naming patterns of berserkir. Therefore, the discussion encompasses names of individuals that are recorded in Old Norse literature, and in Viking Age and medieval Scandinavian society.
By comparing the names of berserkir and more general usage of those names this paper provides a solid evidence base for further analysis of onomastic patterns related to berserkir, questions previous conclusions, and seeks to show that, as a generic trend, the names ascribed to berserkir are not necessarily indicative of negative characteristics or group naming traditions, while allowing for some intentional naming practices within individual sagas.
Breen, Gerard. Ellis Davidson, Hilda, ed. The swirling sea as sacred space? Numerous contemporary video games incorporate references to Norse myths. From a broader theoretical point of view, this case study will help to understand how each new use of a mythical element gets its meaning at the same time from a reference to past occurrences and the way it is transformed during an historical process in order to match the relevance of a situation in its context.
In Age of Conan, references to Norse myths appear in various ways, such as playable characters, place names, monsters, quests, seasonal events, just to name a few examples, in order to contribute to the game as a whole and this process also shows the multiple sources that are involved in building the game. This case study will also help to understand the place of Nordic resources in the game in relation to other traditional cultural elements.
The methodology used is mainly based on participant observation and content analysis from various sources in order to understand how the relation between the various media are built. Blumenberg, Hans. Arbeit am Mythos Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
Brainbridge, William Sims. Goffman, Erving. Interaction Ritual. Klastrup, Lisbeth, Tosca, Susanna. Krzywinska, E. Wolf, Mark J. Building Imaginary Worlds. Between and a plethora of images filled the pages of Helgafell's rich literary culture.
In my paper I intend to present the core elements of my PhD research concerning the origins of this artistic surge. By working interdisciplinary with philological and art historical methods and sources, I will try to demonstrate under which circumstances the Helgafell manuscripts and fragments were produced and why they were produced in such a professional manner.
To give a broader cultural scale to my research, an overview of the activity at the Helgafell monastery will be given and the contact of the writers and illuminators to other ecclesiastical and secular institutions presented. This is particularly important as barely any written material has ever been pictured in the medieval Icelandic literature before. The paper will search for rules and methods behind the specific use of illuminations in relation to the texts they initiate.
Pfister Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft , pp. Inseln im Westen. Bereits seit dem So near and yet so far: Political geographies in the time of Knut and St Olaf. This paper proposes to illuminate the nature and extent of Scandinavian contact with Scotland and Ireland in the eleventh century, particularly those regions which had previously undergone Viking settlement.
The dramatic nature of this takeover, however, should not overshadow the complex web of networks and alliances spanning northern Europe. Conflict and tensions between Denmark and Norway would have played out in Norse colonies of the British Isles as well as in Scandinavia, with Olaf trying to expand his influence and control.
In this period, these colonies had many conflicting loyalties and influences. Knut had begun to infringe on Celtic regions: like other powerful kings of England he may have been recognised as overlord by the Welsh, Scots and even perhaps by some of the Irish. He thereby altered the landscape of Scandinavian presence in the British Isles.
Sihtric Silkbeard, king of Dublin, aped Knut's coinage and may have witnessed three of his charters. Bolton, Timothy. Hudson, Benjamin. Eriksen, University of Oslo, Norway Mediality. A main concern of the humanities is to understand the ways selves create, and relate to, their world and history.
These questions have been a focus of vigorous discussion in the field of medieval studies, where the accepted contention promotes the complexities of the self and its perpetual dynamic interplay with and within a variety of social spaces.
This project will contribute to the discussion by studying Old Norse literature, which has not been exploited sufficiently to elucidate the topic, despite its great potential.
The project presentations at the Sixteenth International Saga Conference will be structured around and include short presentations of 1 the main questions of the project seen against the background of studies of the self in general; 2 the theoretical premises of the project; and 3 the method as suggested above.
My aim is to inspire theoretical and methodlogical discussions which may be relevant for the study of the self based on various material. Domestic animals were incredibly important in medieval Iceland. Living in close proximity to their livestock and with a heavy reliance on them for survival, perhaps it is to be expected that the sagas as products of the medieval Icelandic imagination , might reflect a special opportunity to examine the cultural perception of these relationships.
The purpose of my ongoing PhD project is to examine this relationship, especially in relation to the human household sphere, within an interdisciplinary methodology drawing on literary, documentary and archaeological sources and approaches.
The scholarship on Norse notions of gender has grown exponentially over the last three decades. Like these two books, much of the work in this field has focused on women and on formations of femaleness e. Where it has been addressed, it has often been aberrant, marginal, or otherwise fraught e. Relatively little research effort, however, has been devoted to investigating more quotidian images and roles of normative masculinity in the medieval Norse world, neither especially distressed nor particularly heroic cf.
Falk My paper begins to address this lacuna by taking seriously the premise that one is not born, but rather becomes, a man with apologies to Simone de Beauvoir. Examining saga accounts of boys — from male babies and young children to adolescents on the cusp of manhood — gives us glimpses of how Norsemen perceived this process of becoming, the normative infrastructure upon which heroic and other superstructures might be erected. What sort of education and training did boys receive to prepare them for fulfilling adult roles later in life?
And how did grown men and women treat their sons, nephews, grandsons, and other youngsters they found underfoot? Narratives of competition, hostility, gentleness and supervision reveal Norse patterns of rearing boys into men.
Falk, Oren. Gade, Kari Ellen Hadley, Dawn. Hiltmann, Heiko. Women in the Viking Age Woodbridge: Boydell. Jochens, Jenny, Layher, William.
Sara S. Poor and Jana K. The Unmanly Man, trans. Phelpstead, Carl. Straubhaar, Sandra Ballif. This paper proposes that Bjarnar saga also makes deliberate reference to the antique context of the Hildebrand legend, and that the word kappi signals this allusion.
Dronke, Ursula. Dronke et al. Odense: Odense University Press , pp. The remaining 48 stanzas present an inventory of information about mythology. The survival of oral poetry is dependent on uses and users who also construct its value and meanings. The present paper considers the interest and relevance of such a poetic inventory of imaginal places in this poem to communities of users: Who would care about performing such a text, who would listen, who would learn it for reperformance, and why?
The topographical index will be compared to other ordered and unordered lists of mythic knowledge attested in eddic poetry. It cannot be unequivocally demonstrated that such a survey of mythic topography stems from the milieu of living vernacular religious practice, but it is possible to consider implications of this poetic topography conditional on that hypothesis.
This suggests that the locations presumably those named held significance and relevance as mythic knowledge with some form of application. It also suggests that knowledge of such locations in this form interfaced with models of knowledge about the order of the cosmos.
The numerical ordering of places without specifying their relations to one another will be compared to different models of constructing mythic topography in relation to associated technologies of magical and ritual practices.
Fox, James J. Tarkka, Lotte. We will analyse which are the analogies that maintain all the elements in the heterotopic space of the poem. From this point of view, we will see if the language and the structure of the poem change through the different spaces, how actions take place and where are the thresholds that give way to the spaces evoked.
Finally we will establish the possible relationships between the different spaces mentioned in the poem and its performance. Clunies Ross, Margaret.
Volume I: The Myths. Odense: Odense UP , pp. Foucault, Michel. McKinnell, John. Zumthor, Paul, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. For a long time the area of Poland has been largely disregarded in major studies on the Viking Age and only recently scholars have begun to pay closer attention to the complex interactions between the Norse and West Slavic societies.
Over the last decade or so various aspects of these interactions have been studied by historians and archaeologists. So far, however, considerably less attention has been devoted to the beliefs of the Norsemen who ventured to the southern coasts of the Baltic Sea.
This paper will seek to cast some new light on these notions. In order to explore the beliefs of the Norsemen outside their homelands, spotlight will be placed on the types, roles and functions of Viking Age amulets discovered in various localities in the area of Poland i.
In addition, the paper will also seek to present these finds in a wider context of ongoing debates on the roles of Scandinavian immigrants in Central Europe. Viking Age amulets have been found in several localities in the area of Poland. Most of them are known from Wolin and Truso, but some amulets have also been discovered in other places e. Based on their material iron, silver, amber , method of manufacture forging, casting , ornamentation and chronology they can be divided into a range of types.
There are also other very unique finds. In this paper the amulets the will be discussed with regard to their meaning content, but special attention will also be focused on their spatial location within the archaeological sites.
Scandinavian Amulets in Viking Age Poland. Collectio Archaeologica Ressoviensis vol. Eriksen, U. Pedersen, B. Rundberget, I. Axelsen, H. Berg, Oxford Oxbow Books , pp.
Morawiec, Jakub. Vikings among the Slavs. Jomsborg and the Jomsvikings in Old Norse Tradition. Studia Medievalia Septentrionalia Vol. Wien Fassbaender. Selection of Viking Age amulets from Poland a. The biography of the missionary Anskar d. In the preparation of a new critical edition of the text the first since that of Waitz for the Monumenta Germaniae historica in I have been examining the manuscripts of the Life of Anskar.
I , produced in Bremen sometime not long before Many of these manuscripts were unknown to or neglected by earlier editors of the Life of Anskar. In one case we have the description of the actual event and in the other we have the remains, and in this paper I intend to compare and analyse these admittedly quite different accounts and attempt to reconstruct and flesh out the possible performances that may have taken place.
By applying performance analysis I hope to shed some light on the theatres of death constructed on these two riverbanks, separated by vast distances and almost a hundred years. I will be looking at how different spaces may have been employed during those performances and movement between them, how the performances may have unfolded and different aspects of them, the effect of sounds, and smell.
I will also be looking at different players and what roles they may have played througout the performances.
In the end I hope to bring these performances, long since past, briefly back to life again. Montgomery, James E. By looking at such local features we may perhaps better illuminate the domestic role of storytelling in the culture when and perhaps where the sagas were written. The images helped to differentiate between areas as geographical objects and assisted in defining the direction.
Spatial layout of the trip from Scandinavia to Indialand i. There was certainly a necessity to attract additional sources to describe this area. Most probably the author relied upon oral evidence of those informants presumably merchants who had either passed this way themselves or heard people travel there.
B, vol. But were the fights mere literary motifs? Would the protagonists have come together — and come to blows — regardless? In choosing sporting contests as foci for certain kinds of social interaction, saga authors assume the familiarity of their audience with such events and interactions. But how common were they, and, more importantly, where were they? In my dissertation I examine the geographical locations of a variety of types of sports described in the sagas.
I try to determine if they were regular events at particular locations, and how those locations were determined. Did trials of strength occur where a group just happened to come together? What was the status of the persons involved? What light to these details throw on the literary roles of such contests? On the social realities of medieval Iceland? I have created a database which allows me to map and approximately date saga accounts of sporting events. I am working with Dr.
Lethbridge and Prof. Cormack to produce an interactive map illustrating this material, to see if correlations exist between sport events and other activities, or if any other spatial aspects appear, for example one type of activity being more prominent in one part of the country. In the 15th century, book production changed.
Fewer large books were produced and the manuscripts became less splendid, and some scholars have said that the parchment became thicker and stiffer. Smaller books also resulted in changes to the dimensions and layout of the manuscripts. Fewer manuscripts with two columns were produced and the width of the manuscripts compared to the height became proportionally greater than before. The handwriting changed around and then stagnated for more than a century.
Sometimes the black death is blamed for this change, but the plague — or a similar epidemic — hit Iceland in —04, more than 50 years after it did in neighboring countries. It is difficult to maintain that one event could change so much, but on the other hand we have to remember that around one third or up to half of the population died in the epidemic, and many traditions and knowledge could easily have disappeared.
It is therefore possible the knowledge of how to make good parchment perished along with so many people. This lecture will give an overview of these manuscript developments — supported by statistics on the number of manuscripts and their size measured in both the number of leaves and in their dimensions.
Yet, the study of whaling in Old Norse literature remains in its infancy. With some scholars as Szabo and Haine bringing more attention to the subject. The two main questions I expect to answer in this paper are: 1 Based on historical evidence, were the fishing and whaling feuds portrayed in sagas close to reality, at least according to the laws and diplomas?
As a final note I would like to add that I am aware that whales are not fish, but mammals, but my title selection is according to the beliefs of that time, not to our modern knowledge. Vol 1. University of Manitoba Press, Winnipeg; Vol 2. Szabo, Vicki. His statement is significant for what it might tell us about how medieval people in northern Europe viewed the relationship between their languages.
It will also draw on some of my own PhD research into purported English loanwords in Old Norse and how these findings might contribute to the debate over mutual intelligibility that has remained remarkably underdeveloped for over a decade Townend, Encomium Emmae Reginae, cited from Simon Keynes, ed.
Encomium Emmae Reginae. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. Hagland, Jan Ragnar. Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America, Townend, Matthew. Turnhout: Brepols. In a sense, one can view the public performances of these Gothic works as a form of public ritual designed to enhance the image of the kings in question.
Loth, Agnete, ed. Late Medieval Icelandic Romances. In my paper I will present an ongoing research project based at the Reykjavik Academy. At the same time, Icelandic scholars enjoyed extensive collaboration with their foreign colleagues, and the nature of this collaboration and the context in which it took place will be the subject of particular attention.
Our research is expected to provide valuable insights into the formation of Icelandic identity in a period of ideological ferment, and to have significance for the field of cultural history generally. Results will mainly be published in English. The project is funded by The Icelandic Research Fund. It began in June and is scheduled to run for three years. Project leaders are Clarence E. Glad and Gylfi Gunnlaugsson at the Reykjavik Academy. Other participants are M.
Despite slightly changing the events between different versions, the main plot is quite clear: feuding started because of a putative love affair. In this presentation, the main question will be based on the relationship among family members. The cases of loyality and feuding were the most important focusing points of many recent scholarly works, considering the textual differences, or the fixed roles of the characters.
As well as in other family sagas, the feuding between two groups gives the essence of the plot, but in this case we should pay attention to an important circumstance, namely, that the characters belong to the same family, and some of them are connected in a kind of brotherhood. Therefore the question of loyalty gives us different layers that we have to deal with. But the relationship between men is somewhat complicated because of the family ties.
Taking these and other evidences into consideration it seems that the categorization of the characters by loyality is hardly possible. Therefore I would like to focus my research on the level of activity and passivity of the characters. Just as other female characters in different sagas, her role seems to be passive. However, she has a great influence on the actions. London: Penguin Books pp. Ahola, Jonas.
Outlawry in the Icelandic Family Sagas. Helsinki: U of Helsinki. Anderson, Caroline. Anderson and K. Swenson New York and London: Routledge , pp. Durrenberger, E. The Dynamics of Medieval Iceland. Political Economy and Literature.
Ithaca: Iowa UP. Lethbridge, Emily. Quinn and E. Hamer , passim examined further the consistent moralising in Equitan and compared this strengleikr thematically with the moralising in the Norwegian Prologue; that paper also looked at examples of moralising in the translations of Guigemar and Bisclavret. What is now needed is an examination of all the Strengleikar, in order to assess the extent to which the whole collection can be said to be moralised: the present paper is a first attempt to address this issue.
The lai Le Fresne is the story of a woman who is abandoned by her mother at birth, and again by her lover, who intends to marry her twin sister. The apparently happy ending of Le Fresne provides only an uneasy resolution of questions concerning loyalty and truth that are raised by the lai. Cook, Robert, and Mattias Tveitane, eds. Hamer, Andrew. Meissner, Rudolf. Die Strengleikar. Ein beitrag zur geschichte der altnordischen prosaliteratur Halle a.
Scribes over the Ocean. These have been the subject of considerable scholarly discussion. Seip , took them as evidence showing that Icelandic scribes had copied texts from Norwegian exemplars, a view that was rejected by Kuhn and others.
These Norwegian traits in Icelandic manuscripts have naturally been associated with increased Norwegian cultural and political influence in Iceland in the 13th and 14th centuries. Moreover, their disappearance around coincides with dwindling Norwegian influence in Iceland.
In this paper it will be argued that while practically all Norwegian traits of linguistic nature apart from some lexical borrowings seem to have disappeared without permanent trace in the Icelandic language, Norwegian script and scribal practice had a profound impact in Iceland in the 13th and 14th century.
These are found already in the earliest attested Norwegian script, but they are absent from Icelandic script at the very earliest stage. Their introduction is almost certainly due to Norwegian influence.
Norwegian influence on the Icelandic script, it will be argued, was both more extensive and longer lasting than Norwegian linguistic influence in Iceland. In the 13th century, the culture of scribes, script and book making in Iceland and Norway became more interconnected than before with Norwegian scribes working in Iceland as well as Icelandic scribes working in Norway Hagland , Rindal Norwegian trends in script could thus become prevalent in the scribal community in Iceland.
By contrast, the linguistic society at large was not susceptible to Norwegian linguistic influence to the same degree. It will be argued that while a significant portion, perhaps even the vast majority, of scribes in Iceland were under the influence of Norwegian scribal culture, Norwegian linguistic influence affected only a small subset of the speakers of Icelandic.
Consequently, Norwegian linguistic influence in Iceland was only shallow and transient, while Norwegian script had a lasting impact.
Manuscripta Islandica 4. Copenhagen: Einar Munksgaard. Kjartan Ottosson. West Nordic Standardisation and Variation. Papers from a Symposium in Stockholm, October 7th , ed. Kuhn, Hans. Acta Philologica Scandinavica, 65— Rindal, Magnus. Seip, Didrik Arup. The great majority of narrative texts contain descriptions of movement in space and time.
In fact, the categories of space and time seem to be part and parcel of philosophical investigations since antiquity, by writers as diverse as Marcus Terentius Varro in his De lingua Latina 5.
Strawson in his influential book Individuals , in which he argues that the structure of our thoughts are basically spatiotemporal. The aim of the present paper is to look into the linguistic encoding of space and time in a limited corpus of Old Norwegian narrative texts. The paper is based on the hypothesis that spatiotemporal movement will be encoded lexically primarily in a number of verbs, verbal particles, adverbs and prepositions, and secondarily in nouns and adjectives.
In a dependency analysis, they will thus be analysed as obliques, which along with subjects and objects form the nucleus of the predication. This is exemplified in the syntactic tree below. The corpus for the present investigation will be a small selection of lais in the Old Norwegian Strengleikar manuscript Upps DG 4—7, ca.
Strawson, Peter F. De lingua Latina, Vol. Roland G. Loeb Classical Library, vol. Revised The fragmentary 15th century Prose Edda manuscript AM 4to is a descendant, probably a direct copy, of the 14th century Codex Wormianus.
Since is not an independent witness to the text of the Edda, it has been little studied. By comparing the entire text of with that of Codex Wormianus, I have compiled a list of deviations. Nevertheless, the number of deviations is by no means insignificant.
It is interesting to compare the text of with that of other medieval Edda manuscripts principally Codex Regius, Codex Trajectinus and Codex Upsaliensis.
There are occasional readings where agrees with Regius, Trajectinus or Upsaliensis against Wormianus. Most such readings are easily explained as coincidences. There are, as I will show, strong reasons to think that the scribe of did not have access to any copy of the Edda except Codex Wormianus.
The study of gives us some idea of how many errors can be expected even in a faithful copy. I will argue that this can provide a valuable baseline for work on the relationship between other Edda manuscripts. In the saga the author engages with older narratives and produced a new work which resonated with the Icelandic ruling class, which at this time looked to the Norwegian crown for their authority but found themselves increasingly distant from the centre of power.
The paper will focus on the most extensive of all the conversion narratives presented in the saga, that of Iceland. In the saga the author gives Iceland an independent Christian history stretching back to the settlement. The trope of independent conversion is familiar from earlier conversion narratives.
However this is commonly interpreted as a reaction to increasing Norwegian encroachment on Icelandic independence in the thirteenth century. Here it will be shown that independent conversion continued to be deeply significant for a fourteenth century audience.
It was only during the past few years that the topic of liminality has received considerable interest within medieval Scandinavian studies. It can be observed, however, that what is termed liminal does not always adhere to the original idea and content of the concept as established and defined by van Gennep and Turner. Facing intricate difficulties when applying liminality to Old Norse material is not surprising for two main reasons: firstly, the evasiveness of the phenomenon per se; and secondly, the application of a rather modern anthropological concept to medieval, fictional literature.
This does not mean, however, that the notion of liminality could not be a beneficial tool in Old Norse literary studies. The question of which places could be called liminal in these sagas is interesting because neither van Gennep nor Turner offer help in this regard as they do not promote any specific place as inherently liminal. They exclusively consider liminality as a distinct and vital phase in social life, which brings about some kind of transformation.
Such constellations confront us with a chicken and egg situation, namely whether it is the liminal experience that makes the place liminal or — vice versa — the place that makes the event liminal. In this regard, the paper hopes to shed light on questions such as: What qualities have these spaces or rather what qualities do they need to have in order to be feature in a liminal situation?
Can the spaces found then be called liminal? Are they genuinely liminal or only during certain time periods? Today, we find the Welsh in a part of Britain, the Walloons in a part of Belgium, and the Vallachians in a part of Romania.
In German we can find similarly named people in the West of Switzerland or the South of Tyrol; in Polish they even inhabit the whole of Italy. In Old Norse the corresponding ethnonym is Valir pl. Those were living terms, at least in Iceland, until the early 13th century; in younger texts their use suggests older models. The Walloons would definitely be Valir, together with at least some of their neighbours. But which neighbours? The handbooks tend to opt for either of two extremes.
Some want to restrict the Valir to the north coast of France, especially Normandy, including the Normans ruling England after the conquest. Others have them include the speakers of any Romance language, or at least the French and Italians. The narrow interpretation is further suggested by some texts mentioning Valir and Frakkar as two different peoples.
The wide interpretation cf. Metzenthin is attested to in early modern Icelandic as well as suggested by the meaning of similar terms in medieval German but hardly supported by the medieval Norse evidence. All things considered, neither interpretation is satisfactory. Metzenthin, Ester M. Literary texts are frequently used as sources in the study of cultural memory. The relation of literature and memory to environmental questions has, however, remained largely unattended. Environmental memory can, in this context, be understood as a particular form of cultural memory.
This implies that environmental memory always is culturally constructed. As, however, this memory is linked to real world environments in various and complex ways, it is not fictional in a strict sense. This is especially true of representations of past environments in the medieval Icelandic sagas. If put in relation to palaeoecological, archaeological and historical sources, these texts provide an excellent source material for the study of how environmental memory developed and functioned in a specific cultural context.
The central individuals and families of these narratives live in material affluence, frequently demonstrated through the consumption of luxury goods. In these texts, Icelandic society appears as characterized by material poverty and vulnerability to environmental risks such as extreme weather events, epidemics and volcanic eruptions. It is likely that such representations of the natural environment in the sagas to a certain extent originated from traditions concerning actual past environmental conditions in Iceland.
At the same time, different and even partly contradictory descriptions of the environment served the interests of distinct social groups during the time the sagas were composed. Kenning, system and context: how kennings construct referential space.
Scholarship on the Old Norse kenning may be divided into two broad streams. The other prefers to attend to the relationship between individual kennings and their poetic environment cf. In my paper I would like to explore how these spaces are used, and to what end, in skaldic and eddic texts.
The Codex Regius of the Poetic Edda is particularly interesting here, insofar as its — hitherto rather neglected — kennings operate within the intertextual space of a compilation and, I will argue, play an important role in generating context in its original sense cf.
However, the Poetic Edda also provides some good examples of metaphoric extension of, and play on, kenning components, suggesting that the systematic view of the kenning offered eddic poets resources for exploring how poetic language mediates meaning. Casanova, Pascale.
The world republic of letters. Viking Collection 4. Odense: Odense University Press. Frank, Roberta. Odense: Odense University Press, pp. Kock, Ernst Albin. Lund: Gleerup. Lachmann, Renate. Geburtstag von Gert Kreutzer, ed. Thomas Seiler. Bonn and Leipzig: Schroeder. Poole, Russell.
Turnhout: Brepols, pp. Quinn, Judy. In Reflections on Old Norse Myths, ed. I argue that this approach to Norse mythology draws on a widespread yet little studied early medieval method of reading Roman mythological stories as the integumenta of historical events. I set this interpretative practice in the context of three medieval scholars who were key to its development from patristic thought: Hrabanus Maurus in Book XV of his encyclopedic De uniuerso, the Second Vatican Mythographer, and most importantly Theodulus in his poem Ecloga.
The Ecloga presents a dialogue between Truth and Falsehood. Falsehood present mythological stories, and Truth unveils the biblical truth of each story until Wisdom declares truth the winner. Theodulus does not explain the logic of this exchange, but Hrabanus and the Second Mythographer do. Roughly contemporary with Theodulus, these scholars provide sophisticated discussions that illuminate the interpretative theory that, I argue, lies behind the Ecloga.
Amory, Patrick. Hrabanus Maurus. De uniuerso. MPL , cols. Mythographi Vaticani I and II, ed. Peter Kulcsar Turnhout: Brepols. Snorri Sturluson. London: Viking Society. Theoduli eclogam, ed. Joannes Osternacher Urfahr, Kollegium Petrinum. Eigi einhamr. Berlin: De Gruyter. Prolonged Echoes. Gunnell, Terry. Traveling the world — female Scandinavian pilgrims in the Middle Ages. Saint Bridget is one of the most eminent figures in church history, and during her lifetime she was one of the most active pilgrims coming from Scandinavia.
Pilgrimage was indeed one of the main reasons for women to go on a prolonged journey, be it local or abroad. There are more accounts of female pilgrims in medieval Scandinavian narratives, but they are not the only sources for this phenomenon: a Swedish rune stone tells us of the intentions of a woman to go on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and guestbooks from monastery and pilgrimage homes in medieval continental Europe include Icelandic female names.
In my paper I will speak about the female pilgrimage tradition in medieval Scandinavia before Saint Bridget. I will investigate which women went on pilgrimage, when, where to, and for what reason.
To answer these questions a variety of sources, ranging from Archeology to rune stones and literary texts as well as contemporary continental sources, will be taken into consideration to give an overview of the female pilgrimage tradition. Horn, University of Gothenburg, Sweden Open. However, little is known of their provenance, and given that most of the manuscripts are probably contaminated, it has so far proved impossible to establish a stemma.
In , Rudolf Keyser and Peter A. The main criterion was the references to these legal districts within the manuscripts. No alternative or further subdivisions according to the relationship between particular manuscripts have so far been provided, although many textual variants suggest different grouping than those posited by Keyser and Munch.
Bolstering these observations with information from the production of the manuscripts themselves, such as script, layout and decorations, I will suggest that the patterns revealed through the textual structure can form the base for an alternative grouping of these manuscripts.
The influence of the new print medium on the old, existing medium of handwriting has never been examined before. The earliest printed books were strongly influenced by handwritten manuscripts, which is well documented. A phenomenon which has not yet been analysed is that, as time went on, books in return influenced manuscripts. Even though the first printing press was established already around in Iceland, manuscript production did not stop.
Instead, it grew to new quantitative and qualitative heights, including features of printed books such as title pages. I therefore propose to conduct a study on the relationship between printed books and handwritten manuscripts of the 16th and 17th centuries. The influence and interrelationship of the two media, as well as the protagonists behind the codices and their aims and goals are in the centre of the study.
The objectives of this project concern: a The influence of a new medium on an old, existing medium. This means surveying where and how they are described as actual beings and measure this against their conceptual image presented in the sources.
Other: Clunies Ross, M. The myths. Dronke, U. The Poetic Edda Vol. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Schulz, K. Steinsland, G. Larvik: Solum forlag. Vries, J. Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte I, II 3 ed. Vikings and the Norse Gods have been featured in comic slips and Manga fully enjoyed by Japanese readership for long.
Not many of the dramatis personae, however, were of literary authenticity. Recent authors, however, have their imagination through their readings of literary sources albeit they may have read mostly English translations.
The title of the story signifies both the heroine and a spear which has long been inherited as a family treasure in her family.
The sky and the sea are imagined and expressed not in a way of realism, while the weapons, the war gears, and the manoeuver of the Viking ships are drawn with lines of pens to be realised on the pages with historic authenticity.
Kami no Yari Tokyo: Kadokawa. That paradox will serve as a starting point for this paper. Movement in this space is described in terms of a goal, which does not correspond to the compass. Next, I will focus on the fact that this picture of the world was introduced in the ninth century to Iceland which itself, in on the decision of the Althing , was divided into four quarters that were named after the four cardinal points.
They grow up and cause troubles together until the day when the idea of rivalry separates them. The meeting appears to be a turning point for both of them. This project aims to point at some aspects of the text that have not yet attracted significant interest of the scholars. Andersson, Theodore. Mundal, Dating the sagas. Reviews and revisions, Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, pp.
Gos, Giselle. Analysing this corpus can advance our understanding of a society in a state of ideological transition, seeking to define its relationship to the outside world. New dynasties came into material wealth and formal power, using their economic means and status to produce prestigious manuscripts and promote new types of literature. Moreover, contact with Europe did not altogether disappear although ties between Norway and Iceland weakened; in the fifteenth century, English and German fishermen and merchants increasingly sailed to Iceland.
Scholars working on e. Their work suggests exciting ways in which to approach late medieval Icelandic material and in my paper, I will explore they ways in which literature and manuscripts produced in late medieval Iceland constructed and reflected ideology and identity on many levels, and to ask whether post colonial theory has the potential to help us reach new conclusions about this period.
Retracing the Reformation. From the publication in of the New Testament in Swedish to the appearance of the Icelandic Bible in , all the Scandinavian countries with the exception of Norway had the Bible translated into the vernacular. Common for these printed and complete translations are that they are considered to mark the completion of the Reformation in the North.
Traditionally we see the event of these works as the replacement of the Medieval Latin culture with a vernacular culture. There are good reasons to question such an absolute border between medieval culture and the Early Modern period. Our contention is that the expansion of a vernacular literacy in the Middle Ages should be studied as a prerequisite for the Reformation Bibles. In order to recover the processes leading to a wider authority for the vernacular, we need to consider the implications of the medieval translations of Bible works.
The project will focus on individual Bible works, sources where the Bible texts are used and paraphrased in secular works, and material evidence, e.
This material has received little attention and we introduce a number of new perspectives. In the beginning of the Early Modern Era follow the vernacular New Testament books, thereafter single books of the Old Testament before the complete Bible translations appear in the middle of 16th century.
There is thus a long history of translation of single books or groups of books before the complete vernacurlar Bibles appear in the Nordic countries, and we can assume that there were specific reasons and intended functions for each of these translations.
What were the function of the vernacular Bibles during the middle ages? How was the Bible used and how did the use of Biblical books change? With the Bible in Latin, literally wrapped in Latin learning, how was the history of salvation rendered to the common people in the North during the Middle Ages?
A wide range of strategies involving or in addition to translation were applied, regarding choice of language, choice of genre, reading, teaching, physical participation and visualization. The project discusses how different strategies are applied to different situations and functions. Manuscript sources reveal that material of this kind retained its interest in Iceland after the reformation, which raises interesting questions about the function of these texts and the continuity of medieval hagiographic traditions.
This suggestion was however not grounded in any closer analysis; it is rather to be seen as an idea to be pursued. Throughout the crusading period the Books of the Maccabees were important for the establishing of a crusader image all over Europe.
In my paper I will take a closer look at the possible relation between the einherjar and the Maccabees. Mundal from a similar perspective. Jensen, Kurt Villads. New Studies, eds. Dabei wird zu fragen sein, welches Publikum die Texte finden sollten und ob das in ihnen entworfene Islandbild Neues bieten konnte oder aber bereits etablierte Vorstellungen bediente.
Nature and art would seem to corroborate the summons of the West to all who have the imagination and the fortitude to accept the call — and so from the European perspective there has long been something innately heroic and virtuous in the idea of West. But how do the Icelandic sagas depict West relative to East, either in plain or subtle terms? This paper will investigate these clues and draw out some of the implications of West in terms of the sagas, and why the protagonists of the sagas often turned to westward spaces.
Kunnskap utvikles ikke, den finnes. Den skjulte kunnskapen er lokalisert under jorda. Wanderndes Wissen. Holm D3 und D4. Es wird der Versuch unternommen, Inhalte und Formen von Literatur als differenzierte Systeme zu begreifen, die miteinander interagieren. In my paper, I will discuss the sense of sight and its relationship with the body, bearing in mind that emotions in medieval Iceland were represented as somatic changes and consequently, were considered bodily in nature.
As a consequence, Grettir suffers from fear of the dark ever since. The episode has been discussed in greater depth by e. Anette Lassen e.
My perspective will differ from theirs. I will consider both the object that is seen i. I will discuss how medieval Icelanders understood the sense of sight to work; what happened in the perceiving eye and body when the object, evil eye, was perceived? In other words, what was the medieval Icelandic folk theory of vision? I will suggest that in medieval Icelandic view, vision was rather considered material than spiritual, in that seeing could involve movements of bodily substances.
As a consequence, the bodily substances within Grettir were thought to move, making the actual process of seeing material in nature. Kanerva, Kirsi. Lassen, Anette. Lassen, Annette. Certainly, the surface parallels are clear: at some Faroese weddings and at the pagan farmstead St. The verses are frequently obscene.
We can go further. With the drunnur in mind, we become better able to identify where characters demonstrate skill and where their lack of skill has a humorous effect. Irish nationalists, of course, long saw it in very differently, as a great Irish victory over Scandinavian invaders, with a heroic and pious Irish high king treacherously slain in the moment of triumph. Though this view is unfashionable in Ireland today, there were scholarly efforts in the run up to the millennium commemoration of the battle to suggest it was more important in an Irish and wider European context than Jeffries allows, and the anniversary was marked in numerous ways both in Ireland and elsewhere, including the production of special stamps and a special coin.
But perhaps more surprisingly the battle also seems to have been seen as important in Iceland during the period when the sagas came into being. Several sagas mention the battle. This paper will consider how and why the memory of Clontarf might have been preserved in the Norse world, and transmitted to thirteenth century Iceland, and the possible reasons why the battle still mattered to Icelandic saga writers so long after it happened.
Recently William Ian Miller , confessed some desperation in attempting to avoid the view that largely because of the Clontarf episode the end of the saga is seriously flawed. Allen, Richard F. Jeffries, Henry A. Berkeley: University of California Press. Miller, William Ian. Ortsbenennungen sind mit aus der gelehrten mittelalterlichen Literatur bekannten, meist antiken Namen vorgenommen worden z. Assiria, Grikland, Indialand.
Driscoll, Matthew. Bouget, H. Brest: Centre de Recherche Bretone et Celtique. Jiriczek, Otto. Schlauch, Margaret. Simek, Rudolf. Beck, H. Ward, Harry. For the period from about — , and with special emphasis on the years — , the sagas report 11 actual campaigns of ravage in the district.
In addition we read about 35 actions of pillaging and robberies. The sagas also report 38 cases of assault or maiming, and 78 cases of homicides or executions in the quarter. These figures were the result of separate acts of violence and not of pitched battles. Additionally, the most sensational abductions are reported from the Western quarter. Of course there were some atrocities also in the other quarters during the Sturlunga age, but they were not so frequent as in the West. We may find some preconditions and reasons why the situation in the Western quarter was more lawless and brutal than in other parts of Iceland.
The topography made the western firths more inaccessible and more suitable for escape and hiding than other parts of Iceland. Since he also holds a Visiting Professor position at the Institute of Microelectronics in Beijing. In these fields, he has either authored or co-authored over 1, journal and conference papers, and 12 book chapters. Additionally, Simoen has organized many workshops and symposia.
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